13. Ironwood Forest National Monument (Arizona)
View of Ragged Top Mountain, described as the biological and geological crown jewel of the Silver Bell Mountains in the Ironwood Forest National Monument. [ Photo by http://www.photos.blm.gov / public domain ]
Ironwood Forest National Monument is located in the Sonoran Desert and the U.S. state of Arizona. Created by Bill Clinton by Presidential Proclamation 7320 on June 9, 2000, the 129,022 acre (522 km²) monument is managed by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, an agency within the U.S. Department of the Interior. Although the National Monument status applies only to federal lands, the monument perimeter surrounds about 189,000 acres (765 km2) contiguous of federal and private land holdings, including Arizona State School Trust lands. A significant concentration of Ironwood (also known as Desert Ironwood, Olneya tesota) trees is found in the monument, along with two federally recognized endangered animal and plant species. More than 200 Hohokam and Paleoindian archaeological sites have been identified in the monument, dated between 600 and 1450. (based on a wikipediaarticle / cc by-sa)14. Montezuma Castle National Monument (Arizona)
Montezuma Castle National Monument, en:Arizona. [ Photo by Postdlf / CC BY-SA 3.0 ]Montezuma Castle National Monument, located near Camp Verde, Arizona, in the Southwestern United States, features well-preserved cliff-dwellings. They were built and used by the Pre-Columbian Sinagua people around 700 AD. Several Hopi clans trace their roots to immigrants from the Montezuma Castle/Beaver Creek area. Clan members periodically return to their former homes for religious ceremonies. When European Americans discovered them in the 1860s, they named them for the Aztec emperor (of Mexico) Montezuma II, due to mistaken beliefs that the emperor had been connected to their construction. (See also Montezuma (mythology).) It was one of the four original sites designated National Monuments by President Theodore Roosevelt after the passage of the antiquities act. The National Monument was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966. (based on a wikipedia article / cc by-sa)15. Navajo National Monument (Arizona)
Betatakin Cliff Dwellings at Navajo National Monument in Arizona, United States [ Photo by Jon Sullivan / public domain ]Navajo National Monument preserves three of the most intact cliff dwellings of the ancestral puebloan people (Hisatsinom). The Navajo people who live here today call these ancient ones Anasazi. The monument is high on the Shonto plateau, overlooking the Tsegi Canyon system in the Navajo Nation in northern Arizona. The monument, located west of Kayenta, Arizona, features a visitor center, two short self-guided mesa top trails, two small campgrounds, and a picnic area. Rangers guide visitors on free tours of the Keet Seel (Kitsʼiil) and Betatakin (Bitátʼahkin) cliff dwellings. The Inscription House site (Tsʼah Biiʼ Kin), further west, is currently closed to public access. (based on a wikipedia article / cc by-sa)16. Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument (Arizona)
Organ Pipe & antler, OPNM. [ Photo by Miguel Angel de la Cueva / CC BY-SA 2.0 ]Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument is a U.S. National Monument and UNESCO biosphere reserve located in extreme southern Arizona which shares a border with the Mexican state of Sonora. The park is the only place in the United States where the Organ Pipe Cactus grows wild. Along with Organ Pipe, many other types of cacti, as well as other desert flora native to the Yuma Desert section of the Sonoran Desert region grow here. The Park is a beautiful preservation of the American Southwest. Land for the graded through the Monument was donated by the Arizona state legislature to the federal government during Prohibition knowing that the north-south road would be improved and make contraband alcohol easier to import from Mexico. In 1937 the land was officially opened as a national monument. (based on a wikipedia article / cc by-sa)17. Pipe Spring National Monument (Arizona)
Pipe Spring National Monument, Arizona, USA. Winsor Castle, a mormon ranch [ Photo by NPS Photo / public domain ]Pipe Spring National Monument is located in the U.S. state of Arizona, and is rich with American Indian, early explorer, and Mormon pioneer history. The National Monument was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966, and the boundaries of the Pipe Spring National Monument Historic District (a portion of the monument) were expanded in October 2000. The water of Pipe Spring has made it possible for plants, animals, and people to live in this dry desert region. Ancestral Puebloans and Kaibab Paiute Indians gathered grass seeds, hunted animals, and raised crops near the springs for at least 1,000 years. Pipe Springs was discovered and named by the 1858 Latter-day Saint missionary expedition to the Hopi mesas led by Jacob Hamblin. In the 1860s Mormon pioneers from St. George, Utah, led by James M. (based on a wikipedia article / cc by-sa)18. Sonoran Desert National Monument (Arizona)
Vegetation in Sonoran Desert National Monument, Arizona [ Photo by BLM Photo, http://www.blm.gov/ / public domain ]Sonoran Desert National Monument is located south of Goodyear and Buckeye and east of Gila Bend, Arizona. Created by Presidential proclamation on January 17, 2001, the 496,337 acre (2,008 km²) monument is managed by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM), an agency within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The U.S. Bureau of Land Management already managed the lands, however under monument status, the level of protection and preservation of resources is enhanced. Sonoran Desert National Monument protects but a small portion of the Sonoran Desert, which is 120,000 square miles (311,000 km²), and extends well into California and the country of Mexico. The North Maricopa Mountains, South Maricopa Mountains and the Table Top Wildernesses protect the richest regions of desert habitat from any future development. (based on a wikipedia article / cc by-sa)19. Sunset Crater Volcano (Arizona)
Sunset Crate National Monument, Arizona, USA. Cinder cone. [ Photo by NPS Photo, http://photo.itc.nps.gov/ / public domain ]Sunset Crater is a volcanic cinder cone located north of Flagstaff in U.S. State of Arizona. The crater is within the Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument. The eruptions forming the 340-meter-high cone (1,120 ft) were initially considered from tree-ring dating to have begun between the growing seasons of 1064–1065 AD; however, more recent paleomagnetic evidence places the onset of the eruption sometime between about 1080 and 1150 AD. The largest vent of the eruption, Sunset Crater itself, was the source of the Bonito and Kana-a lava flows that extended about 2.5 kilometers (1.6 mi) NW and 9.6 kilometers (6 mi) NE, respectively. Additional vents along a 10-kilometer-long fissure (6.2 mi) extending SE produced small spatter ramparts and a 6.4-kilometer-long lava flow (4 mi) to the east. The hiking trail below the summit skirts the substantial Bonito Lava Flow. (based on awikipedia article / cc by-sa)20. Tonto National Monument (Arizona)
Lower Cliff Dwelling, Tonto National Monument, Roosevelt, Arizona, USA [ Photo by Bernard Gagnon / CC BY-SA 3.0 ]Tonto National Monument is a National Monument in central Arizona, United States. The area lies on the northeastern edge of the Sonoran Desert, which is generally arid land with annual rainfall of about 16 inches (400 mm) here. The Salt River runs through this area, providing a rare, year-round source of water. Well-preserved cliff dwellings were occupied by the Salado culture during the 13th, 14th, and early 15th centuries. The people farmed in the Salt River Valley and supplemented their diet by hunting and gathering native wildlife and plants. The Salado were fine craftsmen, producing some of the most flamboyant polychrome pottery and intricately woven textiles to be found in the Southwest. Some of the artifacts excavated nearby are on display in the visitor center museum. (based on a wikipedia article / cc by-sa)21. Tuzigoot National Monument (Arizona)
Walls of Pueblo in Tuzigoot National Monument, Arizona [ Photo by NPS Photo / public domain ]Tuzigoot National Monument (Western Apache: Tú Digiz) preserves a 2 to 3 story pueblo ruin on the summit of a limestone and sandstone ridge just east of Clarkdale, Arizona, 120 feet (36 m) above the Verde River floodplain. The pueblo has 110 rooms. The National Park Service currently owns 58 acres (230,000 m2), within an authorized boundary of 834 acres (3.38 km2). Tuzigoot is Apache for "crooked water", from nearby Peck's Lake, a cutoff meander of the Verde River. Historically, it was built by the Sinagua people between 1125 and 1400 CE. Tuzigoot is the largest and best-preserved of the many Sinagua pueblo ruins in the Verde Valley. The mounment is located on land once owned by United Verde/Phelps Dodge. The corporation sold the site to Yavapai County for $1, so that the excavation could be completed under the auspices of federal relief projects. (based on a wikipedia article /cc by-sa)22. Vermilion Cliffs National Monument (Arizona)
The Wave, Arizona [ Photo by Greg Bulla, gregbulla.com / public domain ]Vermilion Cliffs National Monument is located in Arizona, immediately south of the Utah state line. This National Monument, 294,000 acre (1,189 km²) in area, protects the Paria Plateau, Vermilion Cliffs, Coyote Buttes, and Paria Canyon. Elevations in the Monument range from 3,100 feet to 6,500 feet above sea level (944 to 1,981 meters). Established on November 9, 2000, by a Presidential proclamation by Pres. Bill Clinton, Vermilion Cliffs National Monument was carved from existing lands already under the management of the U.S. Government in extreme northern Coconino County, Arizona, immediately south of the border with the state of Utah. The monument is administered by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, an agency within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The Vermilion Cliffs themselves run along the southern and eastern edges of this National Monument. (based on a wikipedia article / cc by-sa)23. Walnut Canyon National Monument (Arizona)
Ancient cliff dwellings of the Sinagua people on Island Trail at Walnut Canyon National Monument. [ Photo by Ken Thomas, KenThomas.us / public domain ]Walnut Canyon National Monument is a United States National Monument located about 10 mi (16 km) southeast of downtown Flagstaff, Arizona, just off Interstate 40. The canyon rim lies at 6,690 ft (2,040 m); the canyon's floor is 350 ft lower. A 0.9 mi (1.4 km) long loop trail descends 185 ft (56 m) into the canyon passing 25 cliff dwelling rooms constructed by the Sinagua, a pre-Columbian cultural group that lived in Walnut Canyon from about 1100 to 1250 CE. Other contemporary habitations of the Sinagua people are preserved in the nearby Tuzigoot and Montezuma Castle national monuments. The Sinagua, who inhabitanted the dwellings in Walnut Canyon, left mysteriously around 1250 CE. It is thought that the Sinagua left because of fear of neighboring tribes or droughts, but it is not certain. (based on a wikipedia article / cc by-sa)24. Wupatki National Monument (Arizona)
Wupatki Ruins Ball Court [ Photo by Dspetc / public domain]
The Wupatki National Monument is a National Monument located in north-central Arizona, near Flagstaff. Rich in Native American ruins, the monument is administered by the National Park Service in close conjunction with the nearby Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument. The many settlement sites scattered throughout the monument were built by the Ancient Pueblo People, more specifically the Sinagua, Cohonina, and Kayenta Anasazi. Wupatki was first inhabited around 500CE. A major population influx began soon after the eruption of Sunset Crater in the 11th century (between 1040-1100), which blanketed the area with volcanic ash; this improved agricultural productivity and the soil's ability to retain water. By 1182, about 85 to 100 people lived at Wupatki Pueblo and by 1225, the site was permanently abandoned. (based on a wikipedia article / cc by-sa)
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